Characteristics of Non-Destructive
Near-Infrared Instrumentation.
R.D.
Rosenthal (December 1986, Japan Food Science Institute).
Describes
the basic concepts of using near-infrared technology to perform quantitative measurements
using the food industry as an example. This paper is a basic reference document
for those interested in knowing more about near-infrared quantitative analysis.
A New Approach for the Estimation
of Body Composition Infrared Interactance.
J.M.
Conway, K.H. Norris, and C.E. Bodwell (The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
40: December 1984).
The original research
using Near-IR technology to perform body composition analysis is described in
this paper. This research, which was done using a $100,000 computerized spectrophotometer,
identified the wavelengths and mathematics for accomplishing accurate measurements
of body composition.
Non-Invasive
Body Composition in Humans by Near-Infrared Interactance.
J.M.
Conway and K.H. Norris (USDA/ARS, Beltsville, Maryland), Chapter 25 in the book
"In Vivo Body Composition Studies", October 1986.
Described
an additional series of tests at the United States Department of Agriculture using
the computerized spectrophotometer for determining body composition. The paper
confirmed the specific wavelengths where the measurements can be made and provides
evidence that a single site measurement (on the biceps of the dominant arm) provides
identical results as multiple site measurements.
Evaluation
of a Commercial Near-Infrared Instrument for Body Composition Analysis.
P.O. Davis (Human Performance Center) and
L.N. Paynter (Trebor Industries, Inc.), Technical Note 8742, published by Human
Performance Center, Inc.
Provides an evaluation
of the FUTREX-5000 versus Hydrostatic weighing and versus multi-site skinfold
measurements. The conclusion in the paper states: "The instrument manufacturer
claims the instrument provides the same accuracy as hydrostatic weighing. Our
preliminary results confirm this finding; moreover, the instrument was easy to
use, demonstrated measurement repeatability, and allowed an individual to perform
his own measurements."
NIR Evaluation
for Body Composition Analysis.
P.O.
Davis, C.O. Dotson, and P. Manny (Applied Research Associates) published in Medicine
and Science in Sports and Exercise, Volume 20, No. 2, April 1988.
Presents
data on an evaluation of the FUTREX-5000 versus underwater weighing using 85 subjects
differing in age, gender, skin color and body composition. The paper states: "this
... analysis (of the FUTREX-5000) suggests that body composition can be assessed
with excellent reliability and good validity."
A
Comparison of Four Methods of Body Composition Assessment.
S.
Frazier, D. Hughes, and R. Opplinger (University of Wisconsin - Stevens Point,
WI 54481; University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52240).
This
paper compares four methods of body composition assessment; anthropometric, skinfold
calipers, bioimpedance and near-infrared interactance. Measurements were collected
from 12 male and 14 female collegiate volunteers. This paper suggests that body
composition can be assessed accurately using near-infrared technology (FUTREX-5000)
with minimal training required.
The
Estimation of Body Composition in Pre-Adolescent Children by Near- Infrared (NIR)
by Photospectrometry.
C.O. Dotson
(University of Maryland), P.O. Davis, A.A. Whitcomb (ARA/Human Factors).
This
paper compares the body fat test results obtained from the FUTREX-5000A with the
conventional sum of skinfolds method that is used on children. The study included
a heterogeneous group of students (320 males and 272 females) ranging in age from
5 to 13 years old that were randomly selected from three different schools in
a large metropolitan area. (Research was funded by a grant from AAHPERD).
The
paper concludes: "NIR technology (i.e. FUTREX-5000A) may be used as a convenient
substitute for skinfold sum in the preadolescent child."
Study
of Effectiveness, When-Applied to Japanese Natives, of an Instrument for Measurement
of Body Fat with Near-Infrared Interactance Technology
Sawai,
Mutoh, and Miyashita (University of Tokyo).
This
paper compares the FUTREX-5000 with underwater weighing and skinfold calipers
on a wide range of Japanese volunteers ranging in age from 18 to 59. The volunteers
were selected so that the statistical distribution of the size, weight, and body
fat was identical to the general population of Japan. The conclusions stated in
the paper are: "The estimation by ... the FUTREX-5000 as the measuring device,
yielded the same or better correlation against hydrostatic weighing than calipers.
Furthermore, the FUTREX-5000 has several advantages over calipers. No expertise
is necessary to use the instrument. Measurement errors are not greater among the
lean and the very fat, measurers never feel uneasiness, and an individual can
measure his own body fat without any assistance."
This
study validates the instrument's effectiveness and especially its usefulness in
field work. Its ease of use makes it indispensable for body fat measurements."
A New, Quick and Efficient Method
of Determining Total Body Fat.
Bonson
Sports Center (Sweden).
A field evaluation
of the FUTREX-5000 was performed to compare its performance against skinfold measurements.
The study involved 87 individuals (23 women and 59 men) ranging in age from 19
to 50, with percent body fat ranging from 6 to 30%. The paper states, "the results
... show that the Futrex method is in close agreement with the skinfold method
(r = 0.89, p < 0.001). The Futrex method was found to be quick and efficient.
It is easy to use and doesn't require any particular preparations for the test
or the person being tested."
The
Use of Infrared Interactance to Determine Percent Body Fat in Adults on Hemodialysis.
Carol Liftman (Franklin Dialysis Center/Pennsylvania
Hospital)
This abstract describes the reliability
of the FUTREX-5000 for measuring body fat in both healthy adults and adults on
hemodialysis. This data collected on 22 healthy subjects and 22 hemodialysis patients
indicated that the FUTREX-5000 is safe, reliable, and an easy technique for determining
percent body fat in hemodialysis patients.
Investigating
a New Means of Determining Percent Body Fat - Infrared Interactance
Carole
O'Shea (Masters Thesis, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania).
The
purpose of the study was to investigate the use of near-infrared interactance
for determination of body composition. Percent body fat was determined in 55 volunteers
using the FUTREX-5000, skinfold calipers, and densitometry. The results showed
there was a "significant relationship between percent body fat determined by NIR
and percent body fat as determined by densitometry (r = 0.91)."
Comparison
of Infrared Interactance with Triceps Skinfold Measurement for Determination of
Body Composition.
Mary E. Keitel (Methodist
Hospital, Omaha, Nebraska). Abstract given at The American Society for Parenteral
and Internal Nutrition Clinical Congress (Orlando, Florida, January 1992).
The
purpose of the study was to compare the FUTREX-5000 versus triceps skinfold measurements
for determining percent body fat in hospitalized patients. FUTREX- 5000 and skinfold
caliper body fat measurements were taken on 293 subjects. The study documents,
"strong correlations were found between the two measurements and the Infrared
method is safe, non-invasive, easy, expedient, reliable and valid."
Infrared
Analysis of Body Composition in Children and Adolescents.
Jennifer
Cook (Dept. of Pediatrics and Physical Therapy, University of Iowa College of
Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa).
The body composition
of 11 girls and 12 boys (8-14 years of age) were evaluated using the FUTREX-5000A,
D20, hydrodensitometry, and skinfold measurements. Statistical analysis indicated
that the skinfolds under predicted percent body fat, but the other methods were
not statistically different from each other.
Near-Infrared
Interactance: Validity and Use in Estimating Body Composition in Adolescents.
D. Klimis-Tavantzis, M. Oulare, H. Lehnhard,
R.A. Cook (University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469).
This
study assessed the validity of the FUTREX-5000A for determining body composition
in adolescents. Thirty-five high school students were used to validate the FUTREX-5000A
against underwater weighing and skinfold thicknesses. The FUTREX-5000A highly
correlated with skinfolds (r = 0.93 and 0.90 for males and females, respectively).
Results indicate that Infrared interactance
can be used as a reliable method in assessing percent body fat in adolescents."
Evaluation of Three Near-Infrared
Instruments for Body Composition Assessment in a Cardiac Patient Population.
J.S. Green, D.I. Douphorate, K.D. Keffner,
W.I. Berman, S.F. Crouse (FACSM - Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas).
Several Futrex near-infrared body composition
analyzers were used to determine the accuracy of body fat measurements in cardiac
patient populations comparing to hydrostatic weighing (HW), skin fold (SF) and
bioelectric impedance (BI) to determine body fat percentage. Thirty-two cardiac
patients, ages 46 to 81, six weeks post event, served as subjects.
In
conclusion, all of the Futrex NIR instruments proved acceptable accuracy in body
composition analysis of cardiac patients.
Evaluation
of Near-Infrared Interactance as a Method for Predicting Body Composition
M. Elia, S.A. Parkinson and E. Diaz (Dunn
Clinical Nutrition Centre, Cambridge, UK) European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- 1990.
This paper studies the correlation
between densitometry, near-infrared interactance (NIRI) and other predictive methods
or: whole-body impedance/resistance, skinfold thickness, and methods based on
weight and height or Body Mass Index (BMI). Correlations were found to be remarkably
similar with respect to fat (r = 0.90-0.92, s.e.e. = 2.12-2.47 kg), and fat- free
mass (r = 0.96-0.97, s.e.e. = 2.13-2.71 kg).
The
near-infrared measurements made on the biceps area presented a higher correlation
than any combination of measurement sites. This paper confirms the use of a single
site measurement on the biceps.
The NIRI has
a slightly greater ability to estimate the body constituents within the 95% limits
of agreement.
A Comparative Study
Between Near-Infrared Light, Skinfold Devices, and Body Mass Index for Measurements
of Body Fat.
Grethe Stoa-Birketvedt,
Erling Thom, Jon Florholmen (Institute of Clinical Medicine, Univ. of Tromso,
9037 Tromso; Medstat Research, AS 2000 Lillestrom, Norway).
This
study compares 139 primary care patients with the F-1000, the F-5000 and the skinfold
accumeasure device to BMI (body mass index).
The
conclusion of this paper suggests measurements of body fat based on near-infrared,
skinfold devices and BMI are comparable for lean subjects, and differ more or
less in underweight, overweight and obese subjects. The F-5000 appears to be the
most sensitive device to detect changes in body fat.
The
Use of Near-IR Light to Measure Body Fat
Author:
Robert D. Rosenthal (Presented at "Scandinavian Weight Reduction Technical Conference"
Oslo, Norway, Jan. 1991).
This paper shows
the background on various methods of body composition analysis, including NIR,
densitometry, skinfold calipers, bioelectrical impedance, hydrostatic weighing
as well as twenty other methods of body composition analysis that are mentioned
in the paper. It also explores the various technical papers that compare the NIR
technique to other methods of body composition analysis. In addition, there is
an explanation for the single site use of the FUTREX-5000.
Investigation
of a New Method of Determining Body Composition, Near-Infrared Interactance
By Carole Stroub O'Shea (Temple University,
Philadelphia, PA, 1988).
Fifty-five
volunteers were tested using NIR, skinfold and densitometry. The study revealed
that NIR is comparable to skinfold in determining percent body fat. The FUTREX-5000
was the NIR instrument used in the study. A reliability test yielded a correlation
coefficient of 0.97, concluding that the FUTREX-5000 estimates percent of body
fat with the same accuracy as the skinfold method. The FUTREX-5000 appears to
be a safe, reliable, non- invasive, accurate measurement of body fat.
